Linking Posts Pages and Categories
There are two ways to make internal links from one content page to another in WordPress. One uses permalinks and one does not. The method that does not use permalinks works regardless of whether permalinks are enabled for your site.
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Linking Without Using Permalinks
If you are not using Permalinks, how do you link to your pages, posts, and categories?
Using the numeric values found in the iID/i column of the Posts, Categories, and Pages Administration, you can create links as follows.
Posts
To link to a Post, find the iID/i of the target post on the Posts administration panel, and insert it in place of the '123' in this link:
a href=index.php?p=123Post Title/a
Categories
To link to a Category, find the iID/i of the target Category on the Categories administration panel, and insert it in place of the '7' in this link:
a href=index.php?cat=7Category Title/a
Pages
To link to a Page, find the iID/i of the target Page on the Pages administration panel, and insert it in place of the '42' in this link:
a href=index.php?page_id=42Page title/a
Date-based Archives
- Year: a href=index.php?m=20062006/a
- Month: a href=index.php?m=200601Jan 2006/a
- Day: a href=index.php?m=20060101Jan 1, 2006/a
Links On External Sites
If you are providing a link to your site from outside of your site, be sure to specify a full URL to the correct location:
prea href=http://example.com/index.php?p=123post title/a/pre
If you have installed WordPress to a subfolder, such as ttwordpress/tt, don't forget to add the folder to the link URL:
prea href=http://example.com/wordpress/index.php?p=123post title/a/pre
Linking Using Permalinks
If you are using permalinks, you can use all of the above non-permalink techniques, which will work with permalinks enabled or not. If you have enabled permalinks, you have a few additional options for providing links that readers of your site will find a bit more user-friendly than the cryptic numbers.
The complexity of the URL depends on the complexity of your permalink configuration. If your permalink configuration (set on the Options gt; Permalinks Administration Panel) contains many Structure Tags, then the URL will be more difficult to construct.
Posts
For posts, replace each Structure Tag in your permalink structure with the data appropriate to a post to construct a URL for that post. For example, if the permalink structure is:
/index.php/archives/%year%/%monthnum%/%day%/%postname%/
Replacing the Structure Tags with appropriate values may produce a URL that looks like this:
a href=/index.php/archives/2005/04/22/my-sample-post/My Sample Post/a
To obtain an accurate URL for a post it may be easier to navigate to the post within the WordPress blog and then copy the URL from one of the blog links that WordPress generates.
Review the information at Using Permalinks for more details on constructing URLs for individual posts.
Categories
To produce a link to a Category using permalinks, obtain the Category Base value from the Options gt; Permalinks Administration Panel, and append the category name to the end.
For example, to link to the category testing when the Category Base is /index.php/categories, use the following link:
a href=/index.php/categories/testing/category link/a
You can specify a link to a subcategory by using the subcategory directly (as above), or by specifying all parent categories before the category in the URL, like this:
a href=/index.php/categories/parent_category/sub_category/subcategory link/a
Pages
Pages have a hierarchy like Categories, and can have parents. If a Page is at the root level of the hierarchy, you can specify just the Page's page slug after the static part of your permalink structure:
a href=/index.php/a-test-pagea test page/a
Once again, the best way to verify that this is the correct URL is to navigate to the target Page on the blog and compare the URL to the one you want to use in the link.
Date-based Archives
- Year: a href=/index.php/archives/20062006/a
- Month: a href=/index.php/archives/2006/01/Jan 2006/a
- Day: a href=/index.php/archives/2006/01/01/Jan 1, 2006/a
Links on External Sites
Permalink structures should begin with a slash, meaning that they are anchored at the root of the site's URL. You should be able to prepent the protocol and server name to any link that begins with a slash to build a successful full URL.
For example, this category link:
nowikia href=/index.php/categories/parent_category/sub_category/subcategory link/a/nowiki
Becomes this category link using a full URL:
prenowikia href=http://example.com/index.php/categories/parent_category/sub_category/subcategory link/a/nowiki/pre
Combining Links with Template Tags
You can customize your links in the header, footer, or sidebar to be combinations of link types. This example features links to two categories, the main index page, a post, a static page, and uses the Pages template tag.
Note carefully that the ttwp_list_pages()/tt template tag generates its own List Item (ttLI/tt) so it doesn't need to be wrapped in a ttLI/tt tag. This template tag is also set to list only the parent Pages and not their subPages or children.
preul id=linklist
li
?php _e('Check It Out'); ?
ul id=pageslist
li
a title=Home Page href=index.phpHome/a
/li
li
a title=Blog href=index.php?cat=7Blog/a
/li
li
a title=Life Story href=index.php?p=12My Life Story/a
/li
?php wp_list_pages('exclude=4depth=1sort_column=menu_ordertitle_li='); ?
li
a title=Links and Resources href=index.php?cat=33Links/a
/li
li
a title=Site Map href=sitemap.phpSite Map/a
/li
/ul
/li
/ul/pre
Using such a customized list, you can also add CSS classes to change the look of each of the links, or style the entire section. It's up to you.
Absolute versus Relative Links
strongAbsolute/strong links define emabsolutely/em where to find the target of the link.br / strongRelative/strong links define the location of another document emin relation/em to the current document.
Absolute Link Examples
Full URIs of the form ttnowikihttp://example.com/wordpress/index.php/nowiki/tt are absolute links.
Absolute links can also point to your own server. When doing so, you may safely omit the ttnowikihttp://domain.com/nowiki/tt prefix, and link to the target with a full path:
/wordpress/index.php
The leading slash means At the very top of this domain is a directory named emwordpress/em, and inside this directory is a file named emindex.php/em.
A document at
nowikihttp://example.com/wordpress/index.php/nowiki
contains a link of the form
/wordpress/index.php
The link above, when clicked, will take the viewer to
nowikihttp://example.com/wordpress/index.php/nowiki
Relative Link Examples
Relative links strongdo not/strong start with a slash:
wordpress/index.php
The lack of a leading slash means Inside the current directory is a sub-directory named emwordpress/em, and inside that directory is a file named emindex.php/em.
A document at
nowikihttp://example.com/wordpress/index.php/nowiki
contains a link of the form
wordpress/index.php
The link above, when clicked, will take the viewer to
nowikihttp://example.com/wordpress/wordpress/index.php/nowiki
Let us consider the case where in our blog where we are editing
nowikihttp://example.org/blog/2009/01/04/nurds-on-the-loose/nowiki
From it we can make links
- nowikia href=../01/happy-new-yearNew Years Announcement/a/nowiki
- nowikia href=../../01/01/happy-new-yearNew Years Announcement/a/nowiki
- nowikia href=../../../2009/01/01/happy-new-yearNew Year's Announcement/a/nowiki
- nowikia href=../../../2008/12/25/merry-christmasChristmas Announcement/a/nowiki
Note 1, 2, and 3 are all valid to achieve the same link. However with 4 there is no shortcut, as we must climb all the way into the previous year.
The links are all relative and we need not hardwire in any more knowledge than is necessary, which also will help portability if one day we export the blog elsewhere. (What happens if one day we however pick a different permalink structure via the administration panels is unknown...)
However, the above assumes we are always viewing a single post. If in fact we are viewing that same post in an archive, well, then all our assumptions of where we are now are wrong! So we see that however smart relative linking looks, it has a fatal flaw and cannot be chosen!
For more information on absolute and relative links, see the WebReference Tutorial on Absolute and Relative Links.
Dynamic Linking in Templates
Whether you use permalinks or not, in templates you can link to pages or posts dynamically by referring to its unique numerical ID (seen in several pages in the admin interface) with ttnowikia href=?php echo get_permalink(ID); ?This is a link/a/nowiki/tt. (as shown in Template_Tags/get_permalink)
This is a convenient way to create page menus as you can later change page slugs without breaking links, as IDs will stay the same. However, this might increase database queries.
Dynamic page menus can also be created by utilizing Template_Tags/wp_list_pages child_of parameter or some of the many available plugins.
RSS
It seems that only fully qualified links (http:...) are guaranteed to work in all RSS reading environments...
